How Poets Define Poetry

• "Poetry is emotion put into measure. The emotion must come by nature,but the measure can be acquised by art." said by Thomas Hardy.

• "If poetry comes not by itself as naturally as the leaves to a tree, it had better not come at all." said by Keats.

• "By heaven and heaven alone,
  The genuine seeds of poesy(poetry) are sown." said by Homer in his Odyssey. 

• "If not asked, I know; If you ask me, I know not." said by St. Augustine.

• "A poet is the painter of the soul." said by Isac. D'Israeli.

• "Poetry is the expression of the imagination" said by Shelly.

• "What is poetry but the thought and words in which emotion spontaneously overflows itself." says Mill.

• "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." said by William Wordsworth..

• "Poetry is nothing else than each poet's innermost feeling issuing in rhythmic language". said by Keble.

• "Poetry is an emotional and metrical appeal to the understanding which awakens in us, is some form, aconsciousness of beauty." said by G.F. Bradby.

• "Poetry is the representation of the ideal." said by Aristotle.

• "Poetry is beautiful veil with which the poets clothe the facts of life". said by Thackery.

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Black Death or Bubonic Plague

If it is talked about the most deadly plagues, the Black Death must be listed in top ones. This is also called as Bubonic Plague. In human history, it was the deadliest pandemic due to which a massive quantity of people died. Around 25 million people were killed by this, which was equal to half of the population of Europe that time.

The plague caused by the Yersinia Pestis Bacteria, reached in England in 1348. It was originated in China and came into British Isles through English province of Gascony as it was spread west along the trade routes across Europe. The medium for its expanse was flea-infected rats.

The first victim of this plague was a seaman who had arrived at Weymouth, Dorset from Gascony and within 2 to 3 years, it covered the entire Europe. It is interesting to know that more men were killed in this plague.

The peasant’s revolt of 1381 was also the outcome of this plague as decrease in population due to the pandemic, made shortage of labor and high wages. It affected in artistic and cultural manners as well.

The plague returned to England in 1361-62, causing death of 20% population and it continued to return in 14^th and 15^th century as well. The great plague of London in 1665-66 was the last outbreak of this plague named as the Black Death or Bubonic Plague. 

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Norman Conquest and its Influence on English Language

The Conquest:-

The most important event having greater effect on English Language is Norman Conquest. It was occurred in 1066. English Language would have not been able to achieve the respect it has in today’s era as it is called “Lingua Franca” and the language would have remained only a Germanic language if this event had not been occurred in the past.

In the year 1066, after the death of England’s King Edward, the Confessor who died childless, Harold, Son of Godwin (Godwin was one of nobles of that time and principal advisor of Edward), was elected as new King. The duke of Normandy and second cousin of late king, William challenged the throne of Harold. Edward had given hope to William of becoming king on William’s visit to England. This dispute of throne ended on a battle on a place called Hastings. This is the reason that this battle is also termed as “Battle of Hastings”.  

Harold came before William and set his forces on broad hill at Senlac which is near Hastings and started waiting William’s forces. At about 9 O’ clock, the battle was started. Harold and his forces with advantage of their top position provided tough time to William’s one and compelled them to move backward. William, who was a wise man, realized that if he continued to fight with this position, he would have lost the battle soon. He moved backward pretending that he was going back by accepting his defeat. This movement trapped Harold and he came downward with his force which became the cause of their defeat. When they came to the bottom of hill, William with his force attacked them with more power than before. This time they couldn't defend and they faced the defeat with Harold’s death. He received an arrow in his eye and died on the spot. After his death, William celebrated his victory and south-east of England was set ablaze. He was crowned as king of England and started ruling on it.     

Influences:-

Numerous French people were brought to England after the battle and were given important posts in government sectors by King. As they didn't have command on English, they continued to speak French and it became the language of upper class. On the other hand, English was being used by common people and this continued for a long-time. After a long period, upper class and common people started mingling with each other by intermarriages and social aspects. Due to this, at about 10,000 French words entered in English Language and 75% of them are still in use. As French was language of court, administration and culture, their words also came in English language such as jury, indict, royal, prose, melody etc.

Pronunciation of English was also changed. The fricative sounds in English [f], [s], [θ] (as in thin), and [∫] (shin), With the French influence, it distinguished their voiced counterparts [v], [z], [ð] (the), and [ʒ] (mirage).

Grammatically it was changed also. The old order of Adj+N was changed into French one, N+Adj.

It is truly said that because of the Norman Conquest, English Vocabulary is called as Cosmopolitan Vocabulary and this language is termed as International Language of the world. Otherwise, it would have remained as a Germanic Language.   

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Pidgins and Creoles

                    Pidgin

A pidgin is made when members of different speech communities need to communicate with each other and have no common language. It combines two or more languages. Pidgins are developed when two different languages are forced together due to trade, colonization, war etc.. A pidgin has no native speakers and grammatical structure and also have limited vocabulary. Like, during world war One and Two, so many pidgins were made.

According to R.L. Trask " A pidgin is nobody's mother tongue, and it is not a real language at all: it has no elaborate grammar, it is very limited in what it can convey, and different people speak it differently" (Taken from “Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2007”).

   Tok Pisin derived from “talk pidgin” can be said as the most studied. It was made in 19^th century and is spoken in Papua New Guinea.

Some Tok Pisin Words :-

Mi  = I,Me | Yu = You | Maus = Mouth | Dok = Dog 

                Creoles

 When new generations of pidgins speakers continue to speak this language, pidgins convert into creoles. Vocabulary of creoles majorly come from parent languages.

According to Wikipedia.org, “The English term creole comes from French créole, which is cognate with the Spanish term criollo and Portuguese crioulo, all descending from the verb criar ('to breed' or 'to raise'), all coming from Latin creare ('to produce, create').”

           

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Nouns With All Types

                           Nouns

              Naming words can be determined as nouns. Nouns are the names which are given to people, objects, feelings, places, ideas etc.

Examples : man, Atlantic, wealth, bird, cat, milk, eyeglasses, bunch, baby, my book.

                   Types of nouns

 There are two main types of noun which are given below :

Proper Nouns :-

              Proper nouns are generally referred to specific people and places.

E.g :-  Sun, London, Andrew.

Common Nouns :-

              As proper nouns are referred to specific people, common nouns are referred to  less specific people, places, feelings.

E.g :- city, country, happiness, man

           Commons nouns can also be divided into three types which are given below :

Concrete Nouns :-

             The things which have physical existence and which can be seen and felt, are called concrete nouns.

E.g :- hand, house, photograph, flowers

Abstract Nouns :-

            The things which don’t have physical existence are referred as Abstract Nouns.

E.g : feelings, friendship, love, communication

Collective Nouns :-

            Groups of people, animals or objects can be categorized as collective nouns.

E.g :- Team, Family,Band.

          Some Other types of Nouns

Countable Nouns :-

          Countable nouns are the nouns which can be counted.

E.g :- Bed, Pen, Fingers

UnCountable Nouns :-

          UnCountable nouns are the nouns which can’t be counted.

E.g :- food, water.

Compound Nouns :-

          Compound nouns are the nouns which are made up of two or more words.

E.g :- Photograpgh, Sunlight.

Singular Nouns :

         These are belong to name of a person, a thing  or a place.

E.g:- boy, train, cat.

Plural Nouns:-

        These are belong to names of more than one person, things  or places.

E.g :- cats, babies

Possessive Nouns:-            

       Nouns which shows possession are termed as Possessive Nouns.

E.g :- My car, Teacher’s book

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Difficulties And Solutions Of Pronunciation Of Spoken English

                            Difficulties

A student who wishes to learn spoken English or any other spoken language has to face many difficulties. Five of them are given as follows :

Difficulty No. 1 :-

He has to learn different speech sounds occuring in English language through readily and even when he hears those sounds pronounced ;  the acoustic qualities related to those sounds must be remembered.

Difficulty No. 2 :-

Making foreign sounds with his own organs of speech is also a difficult part of learning spoken English.

Difficulty No. 3 :-

After learning foreign sounds, he has to learn using those sounds in their proper places in speech.

Difficulty No. 4 :-

Proper usage in the matter of the “sound-attributes” or “catenating” should also be learned which can also be differentiate as stress, length and voice-pitch.

 Difficulty No. 5 :-

Learning to catenate sounds, joining of each sound in a sequence on to the next, pronouncing complete sequence frequently without stumbling. These all also comes in difficulties of learning spoken English.

             In addition, if a student  wants to learn written English, it is also another difficulty for him as learning of spoken English and learning of written English, both are diffferent from eachother. A student can become great speaker English Language without knowing qualities of written English. Similarly, a student can become a good reader and writer of English Language without knowing acoustic qualities of pronunciation.

                                         Solutions

Now, solutions for the above difficulties are defined. These solutions will be helpful for the students of Spoken English.

Solution of No. 1 :-

Difficulty no. 1 related to “Ear-training”. A student can not become a successful linguist if he doesn’t have good ears. If, by nature, his ears are sensitive , they will become more sensitive by training. On the other hand, if a student has good ears, they will become better by training. A linguist should have good ears because of  two reasons. One is, he can correctly hear the pronunciation of English sounds and the second is , his good ears will help him to understand the English language readily when spoken by native speakers. He may also differentiate different words easily.

Discrimination between sounds and remembering the acoustic qualities of English sounds are included in possession of good ears.  For making a good linguist, effective exercises of dictation of isolated sounds of Spoken English are required. The teacher who is teaching the student should also teach English words phonetically.

Solution of No. 2 :-

This difficulty is belonged to gymnastics of the vocal organs.  A student learning spoken English has to put his lips, tongue and other parts of the speech organs into certain definite positions for pronouncing English sounds similar to native speakers. The student should study phonetic theory for this and has to perform many exercises with respect to it.

Solution of No. 3 :-

This difficulty related to matter of memorising. The student has to learn the correct order of placing the sounds to make intelligible words and sentences. He must have to learn the particular sequence of sounds with the help of Phonetic Transcription which is recommended method of showing sound-order graphically. In addition, he has to learn allophones also for this.

Solution of No. 4 :-

If the student is provided smart exercises in matter of length, stress and pitch of English sounds, he may easily solute this difficulty.

Solution of No. 5 :-

This difficulty is far different from others. Ability of catenating and pronouncing sounds without stumbling can help the student to overcome on this difficulty. The student should also not stop between words and should not take wrong pauses during speech. An average speaker of English language can speak sentences at an average rate of some 300 syllables to the minute or five syllables per second which is ideal rate for learners of spoken English.

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Liabilities Of English Language

Troublesome Idioms:-

•         I’m not going to stand for that
•         Be here in nothing flat
•         Sitting in the dark
•         By and large
•         Piece of cake
•         Bark up the wrong tree
•         Beating around the bush

Verb Particles:-

•         Make out
•         Make up
•         Live up
•         Live down
•         Sleeping in
•         Sleeping out
•         Sleeping it off

English Spelling words in World:-

•       English spelling is only 60% phonemic
•       It is 40% non phonemic

  Example:-

             Ghoti =Fish (Gh from rough, O from women, T from nation )

Different Spellings of One Phoneme:-

             /i/ can be represented by following spellings:

•     Grieve 
•     Deceive 
•     Mean
•     Machine
•     He

Same spelling represented by different phonemes:-

• /i/  =  break
•  /e/ = break

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Assets Of The English Language

Worldwide Importance :-

• Mandarin Chinese with nearly billion speakers is numerically the first of the world’s tongues. While Chinese is concentrated in central Asia, English is spoken around the globe.
• Over a Billion people use English either as a first or second language.
• 70% of the world’s mail addressed in English.
• 100% of communication of world’s airports carried on in English.
• After 1962 when China expelled Soviet engineers. China’s second language became English.

Immense Cosmopolitan Vocabulary :-

• Anglo Saxon did not have over  100,000 words. While, most comprehensive dictionaries of Moern English place Vocabulary 1,000,000 words.
• Today some estimates place the total vocabulary at 5,000,000 words.

       Source of Vocabulary:-

•        Victorian Expansion-Australia-boomerang South Africa- Khaki.
•         Sceince and technology-download, interface.
•        War stockpile, escalate.
•        Invasion of Danes-sky, Invasion of Normans plaintiff.
•        Missionary activites of Pope Gregory-vespars

Three layers of Synonyms:-

• Nixon quits. (Anglo Saxon)
• Nixon resigns. (Norman French)
• Nixon abdicates. (Latin)

quit, resign, abdicate are synonyms.

• The Senate asks Haldemann. (Anglo-Saxon)
• The senate questions Haldemann.( French)
• The senate interrogates Haldemann. ( Latin)

ask, question, interrogates are synonyms.

Inflectional Simplicity:-

• Affixes or endings added to a stem word which changesthe meaning or form of that words. In latin, Puella Agricolam Amat. In English, Girl farmer love.

The ambiguilty can be cleared by adjusting the words order : Girl love farmer.

Natural Gender:-

• All Indo-European languages other than English arbitrarily divde words into Masculine, feminine and neuter.
• German-Der Bleistift (the pencil) (masculine) , Die Feder-(the pen) (feminine)
• Spanish- El Camino (the road) (masculine) , la mesa (the table) (feminine)

      Old English had Grammatical Gender:-

Old English  Se Mann (Masculine)	Modern English The man
Seo Hlaedige (Feminine)	The woman (or lady)
Saet Maegden (Neuter)	The girl (or maiden)

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Uses of Afraid of Structure | Afraid of in English

Definition:     

              We use afraid of in a situation in which there are some chances of the occurrence of any bad thing.

Structure:

                  Be afraid of + something.....

                  Be afraid of + verb +( Present form + ing )……

Examples :

• He is afraid of getting failed in exams.
• They are afraid of facing the music.
• She is afraid of losing the bet.
• He is not afraid of anything.
• He was afraid of speaking in front me.
• Bill is afraid of Dogs. 

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Time Sayings | Proverbs of word "Time"

• Time and tide wait for none.
• Time once spent can never be recalled.
• Time is money.
• Time is a silent killer.
• Kill the time once otherwise the time will kill you later.
• Time is precious metal.

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Second Conditional | Type Two Conditional Sentences

We use type two conditional for “Unreal Past”. We use “PastSimple Tense” in “If Clause” and in “Main Clause”, generally we use "would + Verb (Present Form)".

Formula:-

                 If + Past Simple + would + Verb (Present Form)

Examples:

• If I went there now, I would meet him.
• If I didn’t go there now, I wouldn’t meet him.
• If I were you, I wouldn’t make him friend.
• If Robert had money, He would definitely give it to you.
• If I got a chance, I would apply for this job.

Use of Past Progressive:-

While making type two conditional sentences, we can also use “Past Progressive Tense” in If Clause.

            e.g :    If Robert was singing song here, Sara wouldn’t be so upset.

Sometimes we also use “were” instead of “was” in If Clause while making second conditional sentences. Specially when subject is “I”. ( e.g : If I were you).

            e.g:     If Robert were singing song here, Sara wouldn’t be so upset.

Use of Could and Might:

In type 2 conditional sentences, we generally use “would” in main clause but we can also “could” or “might” instead of it.

• If we had money, we could go to cinema.
• If you worked hard, you might get first position in class.

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Should Modal | Use of should Modal

 We use “should” for the best or right thing to do in a situation.

First Use:-

                We use "should + Verb (Present form)" for giving suggestions or advice.

Examples :

• You should speak English.
• We shouldn’t speak nothing but English.
• Robert should go to college daily.
• Sara should drive car carefully.
• Should I go there?

Second Use:-

                We use "should + be + Verb (Present form + ing)" to say about what we are expecting is not happening.

Examples :-

• You should be speaking English in class.
• He shouldn’t be talking tall.
• Shouldn’t they be going with us?
• Shouldn’t we be playing with them?
• You shouldn’t be sitting idle.

Third Use:

                 We use "should have + verb (Past Participle form)" for the past.
Examples:

• You should have worked hard.
• He shouldn’t have wasted his time.
• We should have met on Sunday.
• Shouldn’t have they gone there?
• Boss shouldn’t have fired him.
• Robert shouldn’t have spoken ill of Sara.

Fourth Use:

              We use "should + have + been + Verb (Present form + ing)" when what we were expecting was not happening.

Examples:

• They should have been working hard.
• He shouldn’t have been speaking ill of her.
• She shouldn’t have been scolding him.
• Shouldn’t have they been talking in sensible manner?

Fifth Use:

                We use "should + be/have + compliment" for present simple state.

Example:

• You should be a good student.
• You should have a mobile.

Sixth Use:

                 We use “should + have + been/had + compliment” for Past States.

Examples:

•  He should have been an engineer.
•  You shouldn’t have been a sycophant.
•  They should have had a dictionary.

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Let in English | Uses of Let Structure

We use “let + somebody + Verb (Present Form)” in English Language When we allow somebody to do something.

Examples:-

• I let him complete his assignment.
• He doesn’t let me go to your home.
• Let him speak English.
• Let her get into bus first.
• Don’t let anyone rectify your mistake.
• I have let him go there.
• I have been letting him use my computer for 2 hours.
• You shouldn’t have let him use your computer.
• He wouldn’t let you use his computer.

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Dare in English | Uses of Dare Semi Modal

First Use:-

                 We use “Daren’t + Verb (Present Form)” as a semi modal in English Language when we don’t have courage to do something.

Examples:-

• I daren’t talk to my father when he is angry.
• He daren’t speak ill of me before me.
• We daren’t argue him on this topic.
• Does Bill dare to have Sara on carpet?
• Do you dare to tell him the truth?

Second Use:-

               We use “How dare you + Verb (Present Form)” when we are surprised or angry on something.

Examples:

• How dare you come in?
• How dare you snatch my pen?
• How dare he taunt at me?

Third Use:-

 We use “I dare say” in English Language just as “I think”. It is a formal way of giving your opinion.

Examples:

• I dare say flowers are withering.
• I dare say he is a teacher.
• I dare say Bill is burning Sare up.
• Do you dare say that he is ill-mannered?

Fourth Use:-

   We use "I + dare + somebody + to + Verb (Present Form)" when we challenge somebody to do something.

Examples:

• I dare you to cross the road with your eyes shut.
• I dare you to participate in this concert
• I dare you to go in college library in midnight. 

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First Conditional Sentences | First Type of Conditionals

Definition:-

                     In English Language, we use first type of conditionals when something is highly probable to be happened in future.

                     There are two clauses in conditional sentences. First is called “If Clause” and second is called “Main Clause”.

                     In first type of conditional sentences, we use “Present Simple Tense” in “If Clause” and in “Main Clause” we use “Future Simple Tense” generally. We can also use imperative sentences, modal verbs, structures in “Main Clause” of first type of conditional.

Structure:-

                    If + Present Simple Tense, Future Simple Tense

Examples:-

·         If you work hard, you will get succeed.

·         If Robert doesn’t work hard, he will not get appraisal in office.

·         If Sara goes, Bill will come.

·         If you eat too much, you may sick yourself.

·         If Robert doesn’t come, I won’t talk to him ever.

·         If Sara comes, will you go with us?

·         When I find a job, I will give treat to all friends of mine.

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Get Causative | Uses and Examples

                      We use get causative when we persuade somebody to do something.

                                                               OR

In English Language, we use get causative when we politely ask somebody to do something.

Formula:-

                    Get + Somebody + to + Verb (Present Form)

              Examples

Present Simple Tense:-

I get my mother cook noodles.

I don’t get my mother cook noodles.

Do I get my mother cook noodles?

Don’t I get my mother cook noodles?

Past Simple Tense:-

Robert gets his elder brother to drive the car.

Robert didn't get his elder brother to drive the car.

Did Robert get his elder brother to drive the car?

Didn't Robert get his elder brother to drive the car?

Future Simple Tense:-

Bill will get his teacher to bring notes for him.

Bill won’t get his teacher to bring notes for him.

Will Bill get his teacher to bring notes for him?

Won’t Bill get his teacher to bring notes for him?

Present Progressive Tense:-

Robert is getting me to distribute cake to all party members.

Robert isn't getting me to distribute cake to all party members.

Is Robert getting me to distribute cake to all party members?

Isn't Robert getting me to distribute cake to all party members?

Past Progressive Tense:-

My secretary was getting me to demonstrate over that project.

My secretary wasn't getting me to demonstrate over that project.

Was my secretary getting me to demonstrate over that project?

Wasn't my secretary getting me to demonstrate over that project?

Future Progressive Tense:-

The painter will be getting Robert to bring good quality paint.

The painter won’t be getting Robert to bring good quality paint.

Will the painter be getting Robert to bring good quality paint?

Won’t the painter be getting Robert to bring good quality paint?

Present Perfect Tense:-

Sara has got his elder brother to bring chocolates for her.

Sara hasn't got his elder brother to bring chocolates for her.

Has Sara got his elder brother to bring chocolates for her?

Hasn't Sara got his elder brother to bring chocolates for her?

Past Perfect Tense:-

Robert had got the teacher to arrange important notes for him

Robert hadn't got the teacher to arrange important notes for him

Had Robert got the teacher to arrange important notes for him?

Hadn't Robert got the teacher to arrange important notes for him?

Present Perfect Progressive Tense:-

The driver has been getting me to drive the car since morning because he is ill.

The driver hasn't been getting me to drive the car since morning.

Has the driver been getting me to drive the car since morning?

Has the driver been getting me to drive the car since morning?

Past Perfect Progressive Tense:-

Robert had been getting me to make his assignments for a week.

Robert hadn't been getting me to make his assignments for a week.

Had Robert been getting me to make his assignments for a week?

Hadn't Robert been getting me to make his assignments for a week? 

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Make Causative | Uses and Examples

We use make causative when we apply direct force on somebody to do something.

                                                     OR

We use causative of make when we order somebody to do something.

Formula:

                 Make + Somebody + Verb (Present Form)

                              Examples

Present Simple Tense:-

• I make my skivvy clean the room.
• I don’t make my skivvy clean the room.
• Do I make my skivvy clean the room?
• Don’t I make my skivvy clean the room?

Past Simple Tense:-

• Robert made his younger brother bring vegetables.
• He didn't make his younger brother bring vegetables.
• Did he make his younger brother bring vegetables?
• Didn't he make his younger brother bring vegetables?

Future Simple Tense:-

• You will make him do your work.
• You won’t make him do your work
• Will you make him do your work?
• Won’t you make him do your work?

Present Progressive Tense:-

• Robert is making Bill make Sara fool.
• Robert isn't making Bill make Sara fool.
• Is Robert making Bill make Sara fool?
• Isn't Robert making Bill make Sara fool?

Past Progressive Tense:-

• I was making my secretary type the letter.
• I wasn't making my secretary type the letter.
• Was I making my secretary type the letter?
• Wasn't I making my secretary type the letter?

Future Progressive Tense:-

• Robert will be making the painter paint his house.
• Robert won’t be making the painter paint his house.
• Will Robert be making the painter paint his house?
• Won’t Robert be making the painter paint his house?

Present Perfect Tense:-

• Bill has made his younger sister fetch water for him.
• Bill hasn't made his younger sister fetch water for him.
• Has Bill made his younger sister fetch water for him?
• Hasn't Bill made his younger sister fetch water for him?

Past Perfect Tense:-

• Teacher had made the student read the book before you came.
• Teacher hadn't made the student read the book before you came.
• Had teacher made the student read the book before you came?
• Hadn't teacher made the student read the book before you came?

Future Perfect Tense:-

• The Boss will have made the typist type your termination letter by the end of this day.
• The Boss won’t have made the typist type your termination letter by the end of this day.
• Will the Boss have made the typist type your termination letter by the end of this day?
• Won’t the Boss have made the typist type your termination letter by the end of this day?

Present Perfect Progressive Tense:-

• You have been making my driver drive the car since morning.
• You haven’t been making my driver drive the car since morning.
• Have you been making my driver drive the car since morning?
• Haven’t you been making my driver drive the car since morning?

Past Perfect Progressive Tense:-

• Bill had been making the watchman stay awake in night for 2 months.
• Bill hadn't been making the watchman stay awake in night for 2 months.
• Had Bill been making the watchman stay awake in night for 2 months?
• Hadn't Bill been making the watchman stay awake in night for 2 months?

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Causative Sentences

Definition :-
                  When an action is performed by others rather than us, we use causative.

                                                      OR

                  Causative Sentences are used when somebody or something causes something to happen.

Some Causative are given below:

1. MAKE
2. GET
3. HAVE
4. LET
5. HELP

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Going To Structure | About To Structure

                           Going To

                "Going To" structure is used for planned future.When we plan something to do in future.This structure is used.

Structural Form:-

• going to + Verb (Present form)

Examples :-

• He is going to leave this college.
• Robert is going to London.
• I ain't going to attend the class.
• Is teacher going to announce the results.
• Bill is going to perform on stage.
• He was going to resign from that job.
• She was not going to invite me for that party.
• Was mother going to make something special in lunch.

                         About To        

              "About To" structure is used when something is just going to be happened or when something is just nearer to be done.

Structural Form:-

• about to + Verb (Present form)

Examples :-

• He is about to leave this place after 5 minutes.
• I am about to reached there.
• Robert is about to leave this city.

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Structure of How Long

“How long” structure is used for asking about time duration to someone or about someone or about something.

                              First Use

Formulas:

    How long+have/has+Subject+been/had+compliment?
     How long+haven’t/hasn’t+Subject+been/had+compliment?

Uses of “Has” and “Have”:

Has      :-   It is used with He,She,It and all third person singulars.

Have    :-   It is used with I,We,You,They and plurals.

Examples:

•         How long have you been here?
•        How long have you had this car?
•        How long has Robert been rich?
•     How long has she been sulky?

                            Second Use

Formulas:

How long+have/has+Subject+been+Verb(Present form+ing)+object?
 How long+haven’t/hasn’t+Subject+been+(Present form+ing)+object?

Examples:-

•       How long has bill been attending evening classes here in our college?
•       How long hasn’t Robert been paying electricity bill?
•       How long haven’t you been going to college?
•       How long have Police been taking bribe from public?

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